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| 1.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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Shimada, Kojiro ; Takami, Akinori ; Ishida, Takatsugu ; Taniguchi, Yuta ; Hasegawa, Shuichi ; Chan, K. Chak ; Kim, Pyo Yong ; Lin, Neng-Huei ; Hatakeyama, Shiro
概要:
We investigated the changes in the carbonaceous-aerosol sources and their effects on the long-term elemental carbon (EC)
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and organic carbon (OC) concentration trends at the Cape Hedo Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station (CHAAMS) in Okinawa, Japan, during the period 2004-2013. We obtained the EC and OC concentrations by conducting semi-real-time measurements using a carbon monitor, and performing an offline thermal/optical filter analysis according to the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) protocol. The annual average concentration of the EC remained constant between 2004 and 2013, but that of the OC decreased at a rate of 0.11 µg C m^<-3> y^<-1> (α > 0.05). The secondary OC (SOC)/OC ratio showed an increasing trend from 2004 till 2011, which may have been caused by a reduction in primary emissions of OC and compositional changes in the organic compounds originating in China, from which air pollutants were frequently transported during spring and winter. Although the EC concentration did not change appreciably in either season, the OC concentration decreased at rates of 0.10 µg C m^<-3> y^<-1> and 0.11 µg C m^<-3> y^<-1> during spring and winter, respectively. We estimated the contributions from the various sources of carbonaceous aerosol, viz., biomass burning, fossil-fuel combustion, and air-pollutant transport from China, based on the OC/EC ratio, which decreased from 5.7 to 2.4 in terms of the annual average. The growing share from fossil-fuel combustion is responsible for the decline in biofuel-burning OC emissions transported from China to CHAAMS.
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| 2.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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Miura, Kaori ; Shimada, Kojiro ; Sugiyama, Taichi ; Sato, Kei ; Takami, Akinori ; Chan, K. Chak ; Kim, Sun In ; Kim, Pyo Yong ; Lin, Neng-Huei ; Hatakeyama, Shiro
概要:
This paper reports the long term observation of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Cape Hedo Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station, a remote site in the Western Pacifc Ocean, from 2008 to 2015. This is
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the first long-term study that evaluated the contribution of long-range transport of PAHs in East Asia. No obvious trend (P>0.05) was found in a particular season over the years. However, there are seasonal variations of PAH concentrations with higher in spring and winter. The higher PAH are attributed to air masses from the area including part of China. Source apportionment using three different approaches, i.e., PAH compositional pattern analysis, PAH diagnostic ratio analysis and positive matrix factorization modeling, showed the combined high contribution of biomass burning (18%, 14%) and coal combustion (33%, 24%) in spring and winter. In addition, the contribution of ship emissions (35%) was relatively high in spring, whereas that of vehicle emissions (36%) was relatively high in winter. The contribution of coal combustion to PAH has decreased throughout the years, likely due to changes in energy structure in China. The contribution of biomass burning to PAH has showed no trend, being stable, and that of vehicular emissions has increased.
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| 3.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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Tatsuta, Shiori ; Shimada, Kojiro ; Chan, K. Chak ; Kim, Pyo Yong ; Lin, Neng-Huei ; Takami, Akinori ; Hatakeyama, Shiro
概要:
We observed the size distributions of mass concentration, ionic composition, and trace metal concentration in aerosols c
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ollected at an urban site in Kumamoto Prefecture (KM) and a rural site at Cape Hedo in Okinawa Prefecture (HD) between 2012 and 2015. To evaluate the contribution of transboundary nitrate and locally emitted nitrate in the aerosols at Kumamoto, we distinguished between days of transboundary air pollution from East Asia and days of local air pollution on the basis of a threshold for Pb concentration and the ratio Pb (in 0.5 < projected area diameter (Dp) < 1.0 µm)/Cu (in 2.5 < Dp < 10 µm). Fine nitrate (particulate NH_4NO_3) did not arrive at HD from the Asian continent even under long-range transport conditions. Fine nitrate emitted in Kumamoto and its vicinity also was not transported to HD, even in an air mass that passed over KM and reached HD within one day. Almost all fine nitrate was converted to coarse nitrate during transport by dissociation of fine nitrate and adsorption of HNO_3 on larger aerosol particles. Transboundary nitrate existed largely in the particle size range of 0.5 < Dp < 10 µm, and the contribution of transboundary nitrate in the particle size range of 0.1 < Dp < 0.5 µm was about 20% even under long-range transport conditions. The contribution of transboundary nitrate in particles with Dp < 2.5 µm at KM was approximately 50%, 50%, and 80% in spring, autumn, and winter, respectively.
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| 4.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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Sugiyama, Taichi ; Shimada, Kojiro ; Miura, Kaori ; Lin, Neng-Huei ; Kim, Pyo Yong ; Chan, K. Chak ; Takami, Akinori ; Hatakeyama, Shiro
概要:
We developed an index to investigate the effect of transboundary air pollution (TAP) on the air quality of Kumamoto City, Japan. We estimated the effect of TAP by using the index and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Polycyclic aromatic
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hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace metals were analyzed from the daily samples of the Total Suspended Particles (TSPs) collected seasonally from Oct. 2014 to Aug. 2015. These chemical components exhibited high concentrations in spring and winter, which is consistent with the data in the literature. Pb was identified as the TAP tracer owing to its high concentrations in winter and spring. Indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene (IcdP) was used as the local emission tracer in Kumamoto on the basis of previous studies. We applied the IcdP/Pb ratio as the index. The index enables the detection of TAP in daily data sets. PMF identified six factors: soil and road dust, biomass and waste burning, heavy oil combustion, fishing boats, vehicle emission, and coal combustion. The average contribution of TAP on the days when transboundary pollution was high was evaluated as being 46%.
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| 5.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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Itahashi, Syuichi ; Hatakeyama, Shiro ; Shimada, Kojiro ; Tatsuta, Shiori ; Taniguchi, Yuta ; Chan, K. Chak ; Kim, Pyo Yong ; Lin, Neng-Huei ; Takami, Akinori
概要:
An intensive observation campaign at Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan was conducted from late October to early November 2015 to investigate the behavior of long-range transported atmospheric pollutants. During this period, sulfate
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(SO_4^<2->) was the dominant aerosol component. The sources of SO_4^<2-> were estimated by using the air quality model with the tagged tracer method. The main source of high SO_4^<2-> concentration varied day-to-day. When the westerly wind was dominant (October 27), the main source was anthropogenic SO_2 emissions in China. When the northerly wind prevailed (November 1), the impact of volcanoes in western Japan was significant and the conversion ratio from SO_2 to SO_4^<2-> was lowest, at less than 70%, because of the faster transport. During the latter part of the campaign, the northerly to easterly winds were prominent, and the impacts of Korea, Japan, and ships on SO_4^<2-> observed at Cape Hedo were also clear. When the contributions from Korea, Japan, and ships were the highest (November 4), the conversion ratio was also the highest, at greater than 95% because of long-range transport. The modeled sources of volcanoes and ship emissions corresponded well with the observed coarse-mode SO_4^<2-> and V/Mn ratio, respectively. The mutual evaluation of sources from model and observations enable SO_4^<2-> sources to be estimated with higher confidence.
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| 6.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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Taniguchi, Yuta ; Shimada, Kojiro ; Takami, Akinori ; Lin, Neng-Huei ; Chan, K. Chak ; Kim, Pyo Yong ; Hatakeyama, Shiro
概要:
Trace metals in aerosols were observed at an urban site (Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan) and a rural site (Cape Hedo, Okinawa,
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Japan) to investigate the relative contributions of transboundary air pollutants from mainland Asia and local air pollutants in western Japan. We used a cascade impactor to collect aerosols in five size classes. We apportioned the sources of the air masses on the basis of elemental components. Transboundary and local air pollutants were distinguished by use of the Pb/Cu and V/As ratios in selected size fractions of aerosols. The contribution of Pb (primarily from coal combustion in China) to total anthropogenic elements was greatest in spring, autumn, and winter in the 0.5-1 µm size fraction at both collection sites. The atmospheric environment at both sites was affected by this transboundary air pollutant. The contribution of Cu (primarily from local vehicle traffic) to total anthropogenic elements was greatest in all seasons in the 2.5-10 µm fraction at Kumamoto. Local air pollutants such as road dust, automobile brake abrasion, and waste incineration affected ambient air quality in Kumamoto. Because these pollutants resided mainly in the coarse aerosol fraction (> 2.5 µm), most of them were not transported to Cape Hedo in air bodies that we were able to trace to Kumamoto by backward projection. Based on our data the ambient air quality at Cape Hedo was little affected by local air pollutants emitted in the Kumamoto area.
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