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| 1.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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Kato, Hiromasa ; Tanaka, Keiko ; Shimizu, Ken ; Nagata, Chisato ; Furukawa, Shinya ; Arakawa, Masashi ; Miyake, Yoshihiro
概要:
Background: Most studies have investigated the association between parental socioeconomic factors and dental caries in c
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hildren based on educational and income levels; studies focusing on parental occupation, however, have been relatively limited. This cross-sectional study examined the associations between parental occupations and levels of education and household income and the prevalence of dental caries in Japanese children aged 3 years. Methods: Study subjects were 6315 children. Oral examination results were obtained from the parents or guardians, who transcribed the information recorded by medical staff at a public health center from their maternal and child health handbooks to our self-administered questionnaire. Children were classified as having dental caries if one or more primary teeth had decayed or had been filled. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, breastfeeding duration, between-meal snack frequency, toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoride, regular dental check-ups, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and living with at least one household smoker. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 14.7%. Compared with having an unemployed father, having a father employed in professional and engineering, clerical, sales, security, or manufacturing process was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of dental caries. Compared with having an unemployed mother, having a mother employed in professional and engineering or service was significantly inversely associated with the prevalence of dental caries. Significant inverse associations were observed between parental levels of education and household income and the prevalence of dental caries. Conclusions: The findings of our study suggest that parental occupation affects the prevalence of dental caries in children. We confirm that higher levels of parental education and household income decreased the prevalence of dental caries.
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| 2.
図書 |
図書
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Anthony Clunies-Ross and Mozammel Huq
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論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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Miyake, Yoshihiro ; Tanaka, Keiko ; Arakawa, Masashi
概要:
Background: Epidemiological evidence for the association of socioeconomic status with prenatal depression has been incon
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sistent. The current cross-sectional study examined the association between employment, job type, household income, and educational level and the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Methods: Subjects were 1741 Japanese women. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when subjects had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 16 or higher. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, family structure, personal and family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, employment, household income, and education. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.3%. Compared with unemployment, employment, part-time employment, and full-time employment were significantly associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50 − 0.86), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46 − 0.95), and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.48 − 0.90), respectively. Regarding the job type held, women with a professional or technical job and those with a clerical or related occupation had a significantly lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted ORs were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.47 − 0.96) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.43 − 0.90), respectively. Sales, service, production, and other occupations were not significantly related to the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. There were no relationships between household income or education and the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Conclusions: Employment, whether full-time or part-time, and holding a professional or technical job or a clerical or related occupation may be inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
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図書 |
図書
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edited by Geoffrey Harcourt, Alessandro Roncaglia and Robin Rowley
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図書 |
図書
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Philippe Van Parijs
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図書 |
図書
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W. Keith Bryant
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図書 |
図書
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United Nations, Commission of the European Communities
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図書
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Jan Tinbergen
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図書 |
図書
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Michael Michaely
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図書 |
図書
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
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