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| 1.
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Dwivedi, Sunil Kumar ; Hayashi, Daigoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
The present-day stress field in the Earth's crust is important and provides insights into mechanisms that drive plate mo
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tions. In this study, an elastic plane stress finite element modeling incorporating realistic rock parameters have been used to calculate the stress field, displacement field and deformation of the plate interactions in Anatolia. Modeled stress data for the African-Arabian-Anatolian plate interactions with fixed Eurasian platform correlate well with observed stress indicator from the world stress map (WSM) and focal mechanism of earthquakes; while displacement field agree qualitatively well with GPS vectors and sense of motion indicated by focal mechanisms for large crustal earthquakes (M＞6) and plate motion models. Modeling result shows the direction of maximum horizontal compressive stress (σ_
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| 2.
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Islam, Md. Shofiquul ; Hayashi, Daigoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
The Shillong Plateau, NE India is reported to be one of the most seismically active ‘pop-up’ structures lying between th
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e Dauki fault and recently reported Oldham fault in northeast India. Dauki fault lies down faulted Bengal basin to the south and Oldham fault, the Assam valley, the Himalayan foothills region, lesser Himalaya and Butan and Tibet further north. We examined convergent displacement due to northward movement of the Indian plate with respect to the Eurasian plate and also consider uplift of the Plateau simultaneously. Four models with different boundary conditions under both plane strain and plane stress have been selected. The maximum compressive stress shows a preferred orientation that helps us to explain the tectonic environment as well as the fault pattern in plane strain condition. The realistic regional maximum horizontal compressive stress (σ_Hmax) orientation is observed within the best-fit model under plane stress condition. The best-fit model result under plane strain condition shows that the compressive stress regime is dominant in the study area, except for the uppermost part of the crust where the tensional stress is dominant. These tensional stress regimes support normal faulting and structural discontinuities. With increase progressive convergent displacement (under plane strain condition), the principal stresses rotate anticlockwise around the fault zones, and the upper crust of the Bengal basin and the Assam valley, on the other hand, behave thrust faulting. Rock properties (density, Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, cohesion, angle of internal friction) and Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion are used to calculate failure and faulting pattern. The simulated results have significant explanation on the proposed Oldham fault as well as on the geologically evidenced Dauki fault. Our preferred model explains deformation and seismic activity of the area. Our plane stress simulation results show that the Dauki fault is the major controlling element for overall distribution of regional stress, and it accommodates ～25% horizontal displacement. Our plane strain model further suggests that plate convergence is the driving force for pop-up tectonics of the Shillong Plateau, and also for deformation in the Shillong Plateau and adjoining area within the crust (＜30 km).
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| 3.
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Hayashi, Daigoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
2D elastoplastic FE program has been developed in 2002 (Hayashi, 2002). Improved FE program was applied to the Umaoi hil
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ls in Hokkaido, Japan to estimate plate convergence rate (Morishita and Hayashi, 2005; Hayashi and Morishita, 2006). This FE elastoplastic software is derived from 2D von Mises' plastic theory. The detail of elastoplastic theory and FE formulation are explained in this paper.
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| 4.
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Koirala, Matrika Prasad ; Hayashi, Daigoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
This paper describes about field study as well as laboratory test performed for the geotechnical properties of rock and
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soil along the Tinpiple-Banchare Dada road alignment. The purpose of the present study was to determine the geotechnical properties for both rocks and soils along the road alignment. Detailed geotechnical soil/rock field study sheets were used to record geotechnical parameters in the field and to know the site condition. Dynamic cone penetration test was performed in the in situ soil. Laboratory test were performed for the classification of the soil, and to determine the optimum moisture content. Results reveal that most part of the road is aligned through the completely weathered sandstone, its residual soil (classified as SM) along with the gneisses. The results of the Dynamic Cone Penetration Test show that minimum CBR % varies from 18% at 10 cm depth to 2% at 58 cm. These values of the CBR % are considered good so no capping is required. The results of the compaction test show that maximum dry density for most of the samples were obtained at 10-15 % optimum moisture content. The results of the joint analysis revealed that chainage 2+ 115, 2+475, 5+125 to 5+ 175 and 7+220 km has probability of lateral, lateral / central, central and central wedge failure respectively. Small landslides were initiated in upslope side due to road cutting and can be stabilized by simple bioengineering techniques. The results of this study are very important for the construction of a sound road and should be considered during the full phase onstruction of the road.
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| 5.
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Hayashi, Dairgoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
3D FE elastic program was included to my FE software package in 1989, though the theory and FE formulation of this 3D FE
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elastic program was not described. The functionals for 3D and 2D elasticity are explained in this paper regarding the variational principle that is more sophisticated theoretical basis of FE formulation than the principle of virtual work. The FE formulation of 3D elasiticity is explained here based on the principle of virtual work, because the 3D elastic program including my FE software package was developed using the principle of virtual work.
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| 6.
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Koirala, Matrika Prasad ; Hauashi, Daigoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
F E modeling under plane stress condition is used to analyze the state of stress in and around the San Andreas Fault (SA
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F) System taking whole area of California. In this study we mainly focus on the state of stress at the general seismogenic depth of 12 km, imposing elastic rheology. The purpose of the present study is to simulate the regional stress field, displacement vectors and failures. Stress perturbation due to major fault, its geometry and major branches are analyzed. Depthwise variation from 20 km to 0.5 km is considered for the fault type analysis. Series of calculations are performed with \nthe parametrical variations of domain properties and are applied for the strong/weak SAF. All the simulated results are finally utilized for the implication of present day plate kinematics. Although in nature there is lateral and vertical variation in rheology within single domain and different domains (not considered in this study), our simulated results are comparable with the observed data. The imposed boundary condition (fixed North American plate, Pacific plate motion along N34°W vector up to northern terminus of the San Andreas faults and N50°E vector motion for the subducting Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates) had simulated the present day regional σHmax orientation and displacement vector. Simulated results show some local effect on the stress field and displacement vector by the main strand of the fault and probably its geometry and branch (Garlock Fault). Probably the low angle σHmax orientation to the strike of the SAF system in the South California (although there are some high angle σHmax orientation in southeastern California) compare to the central and northern California is due to the big bend and the Garlock Fault. This modeling had also beautifully simulated the left lateral strike slip movement on the Garlock Fault. Failure analysis performed based on Byerlee's law directly test the strong SAF and variation of physical parameters in the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is utilized to test relatively strong/weak SAF. Our simulated results (like stress, displacement vector, and failures) in the weak fault in relatively strong crust conditions has more or less reproduced comparable and theoretically correct results, allowed us to favor weak fault in relatively strong crust. Depthwise variation of the fault type reveal that as the depth increases, the fault types are generally normal and shallow depth gives more strike slip and thrust fault. In conclusion SAF may terminate as a normal fault at the depth.
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| 7.
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Suzuki, Ryota ; Hayashi, Daigoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
Finite element (FE) modeling has designed to investigate dynamics of Southern Ryukyu Arc based on synthesized stress-str
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ain, velocity, geology and seismicity data. Result of horizontal minimum stress (σHmin) orientation is compared to present stress distribution. We constructed 1300 km X 600 km model for Southern Ryukyu Arc. FE model was bounded along the Ryukyu Trench. Studied region is divided into 3 domains: arc region, Okinawa Trough and continental margin. As displacement velocity is 9.0 cm/yr in Taiwan, we set up NW boundary displacement of 2000 m that correspond to c.a. 20,000 year on Ryukyu Trench to Taiwan. Four boundary conditions under 1, 10 and 30 km depth are considered. In addition, single domain model is also constructed. Total 16 experiments are performed. Result of σHmin orientation shows good agreement with T-axis distribution in Taiwan and Ryukyu Arc (Kubo and Fukuyama, 2003; Otsubo and Hayashi, 2003). In addition, large stress concentrates on eastern area of Taiwan while in Okinawa trough, computed σHmin orientation is arc-parallel which is inconsistent with observed σHmin orientation. Depth affects greatly to the stress magnitude but not to stress orientations in the Ryukyu Arc. It is found that orientation of σHmin is principally controlled by rock domain properties of major structural zones and the direction of convergence of the Philippine Sea plate relative to Eurasia. Direction of displacement vector is good agreement with that of observed velocity field in Taiwan, while direction of displacement vector is trending NW or W in Okinawa trough and Ryukyu Arc, indicating that this model does not fit in\nthis point.
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8. FE stress analysis and Quaternary deformation in the fold-and-thrust belt of the Garhwal Himalaya
Joshi, Ganesh Raj ; Hayashi, Daigoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
The immense Himalayan arc is evolved as a consequence of the collision between Indian\nand Eurasian landmasses some 50 m
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illion year ago. The Indian plate converges northward\nat the average rate of 20.5 ± 2 mm/year (Bilham et al., 1988), and is under-thrusting\nbeneath Tibet. This continuous northward penetration of India under Eurasia has produced the broad zone of active crustal deformation, shortening, slicing and surface uplift of the northern margin of the Indian continent; and build up the Himalaya is under very strong\ncompressive strain that made the entire Himalayan region one of the most seismotectonically dynamic intercontinental regions of the world. In the present study, an approach has been made to model a NE-SW cross-section (Ram et al., 2005) extending from the Gangetic Plain to the Tethys Himalaya including potentially active major faults by\nmeans of FE method (Hayashi, 2008) considering an elastic rheology under plane strain\ncondition with convergent boundary environment in the fold-and-thrust belt of the Garhwal\nHimalaya. The present study provides an opportunity to understand the neotectonic stress distribution, style of deformation and present day shortening rate in the Himalayan front.\nSimulation results reveal that the compressive stress of stress developed in the northern part and tensional stress fields developed in the southern part of the Garhwal Himalaya, and\nconsequently, thrust are developed in the north and normal faults are developed in southern regions respectively, which is consistent with the characteristics of the fold and thrust belt.\nFurthermore, modeling results show good agreement with the Quaternary deformation,\nactive faulting, microseismicity and focal mechanism solution of the fold-and-thrust belt of the Garhwal Himalaya.
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| 9.
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Chamlagain, Deepak ; Hayashi, Daigoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
An understanding of orientation of contemporary maximum horizontal compressive stress (σ_
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| 10.
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Hayashi, Daigoro ; 林, 大五郎
概要:
Theoretical basis of a FE software package is explained in term of the theory of finite\nelement method, 2D elastic FE p
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roblem, fault analysis, physical property of rocks. Flow\nchart and function of the FE software package is added to see the perspective view among\nmany programs. The aim of the paper is to show the soundness of the FE software package\nwhich is used in the Simulation Tectonic Laboratory.
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