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| 1.
図書 |
図書
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仲間勇栄文 ; 来間玄次写真
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| 2.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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仲間, 勇栄 ; Nakama, Yuei
概要:
The campus of the University of the Ryukyus is approximately 1.26 million square meters at present. It spans three admin
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istrative districts: Nishihara Town, Nakagusuku Village, and Ginowan City. Before relocation, the area was a forest mainly owned by Nishihara Town and Nakagusuku Village. The Nishihara forest was called “Tanabaruyama” during the Ryukyu Kingdom period, and it was a “Somayama” where tea gardens and trees planted exclusively for the Kingdom were cared by the Imperial Palace of Shuri. “Somayama” means the mountain that provided the kingdom with wood. Since the Senbaru campus stratum contained old formations such as old Yanbaru-type Nago and Kayo strata, plants like Itajii (Castanopsis sieboldii), Okinawa Urajirogashi (Quercus miyagii), etc. found in acidic soils of Yambaru were used to be growing. However, due to topographical changes, the Itajii trees have now disappeared and only a few Okinawa Urajirogashi can be seen around Senbaru Pond. In this Senbaru district, the mountain managers began to live during the period of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and many migrants from Shuri have settled in since Meiji era. These settlers used to live along the river in Senbaru, making use of the blessings bestowed by the rivers and mountains until around the late 1960s before the University of the Ryukyus moved. They lived mainly by growing sugarcane. Even now, the Ryukyu Kingdom’s tea garden, wells, sacred places, tombs, ruins, and the many traces of life the people who settled there in later years are still left behind in this Senbaru campus. Now, few people know the historical sites still there. I believe that restoring the history and culture of our roots and conveying these to students will be a place for rediscovering living science and also a fundamental part of university education.
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| 3.
図書 |
図書
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鎌田誠史, 山元貴継, 浦山隆一編著 ; 仲間勇栄 [ほか] 執筆
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| 4.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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仲間, 勇栄 ; 来間, 玄次 ; 仲田, 栄二 ; 陳, 碧霞 ; Nakama, Yuei ; Kurima, Genji ; Nakada, Eiji ; Chen, Bixia
概要:
The two aims of this study were, firstly, to investigate the total number of trees, tree height, diameter at breast heig
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ht (DBH), tree age, and tree distribution in a Fukugi (Garcinia subelliptica ) forest in Shiokawa-utaki, where the artificially planted Fukugi tree is dominant, and to investigate the history of this tree plantation. Secondly, we applied a phytosociological approach to compare the characteristics of a man-made Fukugi plantation in Shiokawa-utaki and an artificial forest and a natural forest in the Futenma-utaki on the coastline. In Shiokawa-utaki and along the entrance path leading to it, 2,457 woody trees were found, with approximately 70% being Fukugi trees. The oldest of these was estimated to be 248 years of age. The proportion of young Fukugi trees was high, with 85% of them being younger than100 years of age. The reason for this small proportion of 100 year-old trees may be the continuous natural regeneration during the course of establishing this plantation. In particular, the distribution chart of the tree age demonstrates that the somayama (government administered timber forest) governance reinforcement of 1742 during the reign of the Ryukyu Kingdom and damage from the Meiwa tsunami in 1771triggered the development of the Fukugi tree plantation. When examining the distribution chart of the Fukugi trees in Shiokawa-utaki, we found that old-growth trees occur at the outer periphery of the ground, with the spirit rock in the center. This indicates that the Fukugi forest was initially planted from the outer periphery of the utaki grove. Our phytosociological examination found that the Fukugi forest in Shiokawa-utaki can be classified as a Diospyros egbert-walkeri-Garcinia subelliptica community, consisting of differential species like Diospyros egbert-walkeri, Flagellaria indica and Paederia scandens. The Calophyllum inophyllum forest in Futenma-utaki can be classified as an Antidesma pentadrum-Calophyllum inophyllum community that consists of differential species like Calophyllum inophyllum, Antidesma pentandrum, Callicarpa japonica var. luxurians, and Ficus erecta. The natural Hernandia nymhaeaefolia forest in Futenma utakican be classified as an Allophylus timorensis-Hernandia nymhaeaefolia community, consisting of differential species like Hernanida nymhaeaefolia, Allophylus timorensis, Euonymus japonicus and Planchonella obovata. It can be assumed that the Fukugi forest in Shiokawa-utaki and the artificially planted Calophyllum inophyllum in Futenma-utaki have developed by replacing an original Psychotria manillensis-Diospyros maritima natural forest alliance.
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| 5.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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仲間, 勇栄 ; Nakama, Yuei
概要:
Historical landscapes based upon the concept of "embraced enclosure (inclusive protection)" still remain in Okinawa from
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the late thirties of the 18th century. They were designed along with newly planned villages formed by the Shuri royal government at that time. The "embracement enclosure" means an environmental condition in which a certain place (woodland, village or field) is surrounded by feng shui factors such as a landform, forest and wind and thus "Chi"(the wet and dry situation of air is stabilized in harmony) is sealed. Such peculiar landscapes were formed in the modern era of the Ryukyus. However, since most of them were destroyed by war and the construction of houses and roads, they can be seen currently only in limited areas. The prototypes of historical landscapes can be identified still in Imadomari, Nakijin village in the northern area of Okinawa Island, Bise in Motobu town, Tonaki Island, Tarama Island, Shiraho of the Yaeyama Islands, etc. Fukugi trees thus formed with a historical meaning based upon landscape factors of "embraced enclosure" are being cut down easily by autonomous communities without the significance of their existence being considered as well, and so the trees are simply turning into bonsai-like garden trees. If the present state such as this continues, the historical heritage created by our ancestors' spending a lot of time and energy will vanish without people knowing the meaning of their existence. In this paper, three places, Uchima Udun in Nishihara town, Bise in Motobu town and Tonaki Island in Okinawa prefecture, are taken as examples; and the manner of preservation of Fukugi trees, not discussed mostly, is given thought through the analysis of preservation regulations established by each autonomous community, from the viewpoint of the Japanese Landscape Law. The first regulations that made a specific mention of the preservation of habitat-embracing Fukugi trees were "Tonaki Village historical landscape preservation regulations ( September, 1999)." After that and the governmental establishment of "Landscape law (2004)," each autonomous community in the prefecture (Okinawa) drew up a "Landscape plan" wherein the basic policies such as "Landscape plan guidelines" and "Landscape regulations" to develop the plan concretely were indicated. In terms of the preservation of habitat-embracing Fukugi trees through an overview of these "Landscape plan" and "Landscape regulations," two major problems could be pointed out. One problem is that the regulatory system is created not by focusing on the properties of tree colonies but by looking at only a single tree, an element of village landscapes. Regarding "Designation of tree of landscape importance," in "Okinawa prefectural landscape formation guidelines, "trees such as "symbol tree of local area," "tree useful for landscape formation," or "tree familiar to local people," are considered to be designated, hopefully. It is explained that even a tree of landscape importance could be utilized for the preservation of an embracing forest of sacred place or habitat-embracing trees, but since only a single tree is accepted as a tree of landscape importance in principle, it shall be specified. In addition, "tree of landscape importance" should be located in a place where inhabitants can see it and be "a big tree with its trunk circumference more than 1m."Although this could include the possibility to enlarge the applicable scope "in principle," the prefectural "Landscape formation plan" has followed the idea regarding "a single tree. "However, since the habitat-embracing Fukugi trees consist of a variety of small or big trees, it is meaningful to preserve these trees as a group. For this reason, the idea of focusing on a certain big tree is just like "seeing a tree but not seeing a forest." The discussion based upon this specific idea seems to be far away from that of the original landscape preservation and must be said to be unworkable.
The other is that such regulations do not form a system of law in which cutting down habitat-embracing Fukugi trees is controlled. Even though basic policies are stated in the regulations, cutting down habitat-embracing Fukugi trees is not stopped. Why is that? Because definitely these regulations are not viable in actual work places of cutting. The background of this is based upon the strong idea of private ownership and thus the recognition of the village's common property passed down from ancestors is low. There is no system, by which cutting down trees for some personal reason is checked and guided, or advised if necessary, can be seen in the regulations. In the "Tree regulations" of Germany or other countries, there is a system by which the owner of a tree with a diameter bigger than a certain size cannot cut it down freely. When cutting down such trees, the owner reports it to the government, and experts of trees, the government and the owner get together at the cutting site to decide whether it is acceptable or not. If it is agreed, there is an evaluation of how to do it; such the decision-making system is provided. Once the decision is made, the owner has to follow it regardless of his or her own will. That is because social consensus formation (recognition of common property), which is to prioritize the preservation of landscapes desired for the whole area even if individual private rights are sacrificed, has been formed. In the Japanese "Landscape regulations," the stakeholder system to give instruction to people regarding regional consensus formation and the knowhow of cutting trees for the landscape preservation, in particular by looking into individually owned habitat-embracing Fukugi trees in Okinawa, cannot be found, regrettably. The concept is good but not functional in the reality. The habitat-embracing Fukugi trees, created by our ancestors under strict legal regulation in the Ryukyu Kingdom era, is one aspect of historical landscapes in Okinawa. At that time Fukugi trees were called "inclusive protection for dwellings." Related to other "inclusive protection for beaches (tide fences) and villages," it had an important role to protect livelihood infrastructures like villages, farmlands, etc. from north winds in winter or typhoons. Nowadays, some of the habitat-embracing Fukugi trees have been passed down as protection forests. On the other hand, others have disappeared without being asked their historical and existent meaning under the present circumstances. In order to regenerate them by asking their existential meaning, there is no other way but to amend the contents of current "Landscape regulations" so that they can be viable at actual site levels. 紀要論文 続きを見る |
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| 6.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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渦岡, 梓 ; 仲間, 勇栄 ; 陳, 碧霞 ; Uzuoka, Azusa ; Nakama, Yuei ; Chen, Bixia
概要:
This study surveys the features of wood lye, which has played a key role in the production of Bashofu, a traditional tex
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tile nationally designated by Japan as an Important Intangible Cultural Property. This textile is made only in Okinawa, using fibers obtained from the stem of the Musa liukiuensis banana. The majority of the experimental samples for this study were collected from wood lye that was actually used to cook banana fibers at Kijoka Bashofu Kaikan, a local facility in Okinawa aimed at training the next generation of Bashofu-makers and serving as a public education center focused on traditional textile-making techniques. The pH of the wood lye from the Bashofu Kaikan facility varied from 11.5 to 12.5; however, the specific gravity was quite low, mostly ranging from0 to 0.4 degrees Baume. The experimental samples that we prepared, including second-time reuse of wood lye, a higher specific gravity of >1.0 degrees Baume. However, as the number of times of wood lye reuse increased, the specific gravity, as measured by the Baume scale, decreased. The quality of the wood lye declined as a result of a decrease in K, which is the major active component of the wood lye. Similar to the effect of increased wood lye reuse, the additional input of new wood lye to the reused lye led to an overall decline of lye quality. However, it should be noted that the Specific gravity as an indicator of lye quality is inappropriate for evaluating the reused wood lye because the ingredients released from the banana fiber during the cooking process also change the specific gravity. Using a method recorded in the historical document “Nantou Zatsuwa” (South Island Everyday Dialogue), we prepared lye from straw ash and obtained better-quality lye with higher pH and Specific gravity. Consequently, our study revealed that good-quality lye should have an appropriate Specific gravity ranging from 1.5 to 2.0. We adopted Specific gravity as an indicator of lye quality because it is related to the K value. Wood lye, which has a high K level that makes it alkaline, also has many components that can react with banana fiber. In order to obtain wood lye of good quality, it is vital to reduce the number of wood lye reuse cycles and to apply the indicators of pH value and Specific gravity when no new wood lye is added to the reused material. To that end, more wood ash is needed for efficient Bashofu fiber production. However, presently in Okinawa, it is difficult to obtain wood ash in such large quantities. Therefore, other means of obtaining wood ash should be considered to meet the larger demand. To maintain the quality of Bashofu cloth, good-quality wood lye is necessary. Thus, in the future, to improve the wood lye quality and effectively extract the lye, it will be necessary to explore the differences in the features of wood lye produced from different species of trees. Above all, ensuring a stable supply of wood ash is a challenge.
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| 7.
図書 |
図書
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仲間勇栄著
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| 8.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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仲間, 勇栄 ; 来間, 玄次 ; 陳, 碧霞 ; Nakama, Yuei ; Kurima, Genji ; Chen, Bixia
概要:
Uchima-udun (total area:5,162㎡) is national historic site located in Kadekaru，Nishihara Town，Okinawa Prefecture，in Japan
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.The former Lord of Uchima，Kanamaru，is believed to have lived in Kadekaru for 16 years in the mid-15th century before he became king of the Ryukyu Kingdom，Sho En. With its stone fence and old fukugi(Garcinia subelliplica) tree lines surrounding，the old residence represents unique historic landscape on the Ryukyu Islands. Today，it also serves as a place of worship for local people. We conducted a vegetation survey in 2013 and measured all the trees with a height of one meter or more on the property and tallied a total number of 180. Some of these trees were estimated to be more than 300 years old，and the majority were likely planted in the late 1830s. As it is pointed out by botanists，vegetation of this type-namely，that blends with artificial forests and a prototype of broad-leaved secondary evergreen forests-possesses an academic significance of lowland forest in the urban area. Uchima-udun's valuable fukugi trees were cut and pruned in May 2015 under reasoning that typhoons and exposing tree roots had caused the stone fences to collapse.It was said that nearby residents had also complained about potential risks from typhoon-damaged trees. However，the tree cutting project moved forward without any scientific evidence proving that the collapsed fences influenced by tree root growth or made the trees more susceptible to typhoon damage. Uchima-udun's luxuriant forest landscape will disappear if the tree cutting and pruning plan is completed. Many valuable old trees inside the Agarie (the south part of Uchima-udun) and a coalesced female and male tree at the south entrance were pruned and all of their leaves or branches chopped.Inadequate conservation laws are a significant reason for the ease with which the cutting and pruning old，historically significant trees occurs.The Act on Protection of Cultural Properties and The Landscape Act already exist to protect historic and cultural landscapes. However，a “historic landscape conservation ordinance"，complete with penal provisions，is needed in each community to effectively protect landscapes at the local level.Such a local conservation ordinance does not exist in Japan.Tourism is a major industry in Okinawa Prefecture. Uchima-udun's historic landscape is a valuable tourism resource，as well as an important sacred space.Therefore，landscape conservation ordinance at the community level in Okinawa is urgently required.
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| 9.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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藤井, 理子 ; 仲間, 勇栄 ; 陳, 碧霞 ; Fujii, Riko ; Nakama, Yuei ; Chen, Bixia
概要:
A typical home garden in Ada hamlet falls into one of the following categories: a garden inside a residence, a garden in
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side an empty house, or a garden on reclaimed land. Crops cultivated in the first two garden types are generally grown for self-consumption, while crops grown Oil reclaimed land are often used for self-sufficiency and for sale. The majority of Ada hamlet residents cultivate crops to take care of land inherited from their ancestors. In such instances, any vegetable surplus is shared among relatives and neighbors. In this study, 16 households did not have a home garden, but they received vegetables from neighbors. Only 17 households grew crops inside their residence, and approximately 80% of all households in Ada hamlet used less than 20% of their residence area for a home garden. Approximately 41 empty houses- nearly all empty houses in the hamlet-were used as home gardens. One vacant residence was maintained and managed by all of the residents in order to sustain their hamlet. A total of 48 types of crops, including four types of starchy root vegetables, three types of beans, 16 types of leafy vegetables, three types of root and tuberous vegetables, and nine types of industrial plants, were found in the home gardens. Of these, 23(48%) were traditional crops. Crops cultivated in summer consisted mostly of traditional leafy vegetables and fruit vegetables, while other leafy vegetables, as well as root and tuberous vegetables, were cultivated in winter. Crop transplantation was mostly conducted from March to May, and from September to November. In winter, crops were cultivated in seedbeds and harvested after three months. This cultivation knowledge was obtained from the elders who are familiar with crop plantation. Reflective of this knowledge, vegetables that don't attract insects were planted. Pesticides are not used on Ada hamlet home gardens. The survey of home gardens inside residences and empty houses found that vegetables were planted in multistory to effectively use solar energy and to allow crops sensitive to strong sunshine to adapt to harsh summer weather. In winter, gardens were divided into small sections to accommodate as many vegetable types as possible. In summary, Ada hamlet home gardens serve four purposes: (1)to transfer traditional vegetable cultivation knowledge from generation to generation; (2)to provide emergency food supplies; (3)to provide safe, pesticide-free food; and (4)to maintain and manage land in empty houses across the hamlet. It is often said that today's era of food safety and security is chaotic. The fact that so many lives entirely depend on food sources outside their communities poses a great concern for human survival. We believe it is important for individuals and communities to acquire skills to produce enough food to support themselves- not only to improve food security, but also to regenerate regional communities and to improve the well being of humanity as a whole.
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| 10.
論文（リポジトリ） |
論文（リポジトリ）
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仲間, 勇栄 ; Purves, John Michael ; Chen, Bixia ; Nakama, Yuei ; パーヴェス, ジョン マイケル ; チェン, ビシャ ; 陳, 碧霞
概要:
Yamabugyousho Kimochou Shitsugi consists of 13 articles in total, five of which focus on tree felling, three that relate
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to the duties of forest-related officials and the proper method of cutting trees and two dealing with crackdowns on illegal tree felling. Particularly worthy of attention are the provisions related to forest conservation. It was strictly prohibited to cut down trees at places of hougo that are of great importance to the preservation of the forest or to cut trees at the borders of community forests (sanya) that surround the somayama (government-use forests). In terms of the concept of hougo the trees located at the so-called'gate of hougo (gate of embraced protection)' are of critical importance. If such areas are opened up by reckless tree felling this will allow damaging winds to enter the inner forest and will eventually bring ruin to the forest. There is also the idea of yosebatsu (destructive felling) that warns against the damage that can be caused to the inner forest by cutting down too many useful trees at one concentrated area (such as the gate of hougo). In today's terms this is close to the idea of clear-cutting (ka ibatsu) that would disturb the sanqi (forest atmosphere) and lead to the decline of the trees in the very inner forest. With regard to the delive1y of timber, the Royal Government would first send a tegata (goods request) to each magiri bansho. This tegata would specify the type of tree, the required dimensions and any other important details. Based on the information in the tegata forest officials would go to the most appropriate forest site, select and cut down the timber requested. If the timber delivered to the Royal Government did not match the dimensions requested in the tegata it would have to be replaced. Because this constituted a waste of valuable wood resources regulations were put in place so that forest officials would be held accountable. In order to prevent such waste forest officials were taught the so-called 'yamaku no shouhou' (forest care and management techniques) and commanded to work hard in carrying out their duties.
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